The fuel filter leaking is likely not the problem unless the fuel filter is experiencing negative pressure. i.e. the fuel pump can't keep up.
My theory on why the burst of performance occurs is that the entrained air maintains the pressure in the injection line between the IP and the injector. Normally, when the IP rotor passes the outlet port, the pressure in the line immediately drops to 0 because the liquid diesel does not compress and the injector pintle returns to its seat. However, when entrained air is in the line, it will maintain the pressure in the injector line which will keep the injector open until it reaches the injector closing pressure. More fuel gets injected causing the engine to speed up. The centrifugal governor then kicks in and closes the metering valve to match the fuel pedal "demand", and the engine stumbles.
That's my 6.9 cents worth.