In retrospect, there are some good points made here. The IDI did NOT make much progress over the years. A lot of that had to do with the fact that they were bucking new emissions regulations the whole way. Every time IH was ready to increase the HP, some new law would come on the books, that would counteract any attempt to crank out more ponies. This is the whole reason we have InDirect Injected engines to begin with. If the emissions laws had been more lax, they might have been able to do them as direct injection, and then the whole ballgame would be different. The last IDI's were intentionally held back, so that the PSD - IH's first attempt at a computer controlled engine - with injection technology they had to get with Caterpillar to invent, could have a reasonable chance of having an incremental upgrade from a marketing standpoint. The whole PSD thing was a hugh roll of the dice, and like all IH engines, they pretty well had it figured out by the time the next model came out. Unfortunately for IH and Ford, the complexity of the PSD never seemed to be something that they mastered. Rather it mastered them. The timing sucked too, because the IDI paved the way for hugh diesel pickup sales and acceptance, eventually dominating the market and making >8600 GVRW gas pickups a relative minority. The boost of diesel pickup sales, and lower reliability meant higher visibility to all the failures and recals. Combinded with the emergence of the internet forums in 1997, and the vocality of unsatisfied customers, the whole PSD legacy paved the way for Dodge and Cummins to reach the point they have today. Sadly, when somebody here wants to dump their IDI and put a different engine in their truck, who's engine do they choose? The PSD may be technologically supperior, but in the end, that doesn't matter. It's simplicity and ease of maintanance that does. Which is why most of us are here to begin with. If only we could have a production PSD with a mechanical fuel system, then there would be a true non-IDI option.