Seeing that you are an able mechanic, have you tried a sniff of ether? And I mean a SNIFF....not a lungfull!!
Most people knock ether, and I agree, but being that this is a starting problem, a 1/2 - a 1 full second shot into the intake WITH THE GLOW PLUGS DISABLED might be enough to light her off.....but I doubt it.
I agree that you need a compression test. White smoke from the tailpipe means fuel is getting to the cylinders...but isn't getting hot enough to light off. Either compression or water in the fuel?
When you were driving the truck the other night before it died, was it up to operating temperature? How long were you driving it for before it quit?
Do you know how to test for working GP's? Test light hooked to the positive battery terminal, and touch the light on each invidiual plug...if it lights up, plug is fine...no light, bad plug.
It sounds like it might be a timing issue or compression issue...hopefully it's not the latter of the two.
I would go get a container of good fuel. Pop a line into it and hook it to the supply line of the IP before the filter. Remove the filter, dump it out and fill with fresh fuel or diesel kleen, howes, etc. Let it pull the fuel into the pump while cranking. It is possible that you might have bad fuel or water in the fuel. Hopefully this is all it is.
Your truck have dual fuel tanks? The selector valve could be stuck or not pulling fuel the way it should.
How many miles were on this truck. Is it auto ot stick? (just curious on this for myself)