I just want to add in case you don't already know that if you are not turning the key on then your glow plugs are not going to be working at all. Best bet is to fix the ignition switch and go from there, but you can apply 12v directly to the fuel shut off solenoid on top the injection pump and get it to start that way. If there is no 12v to the injection pump (i.e. the key is off), then you are not getting fuel from the injectors, you must be checking the wrong line, once you get 12v to the pump then you can crank the engine and barely loosen the line on top the injection and watch for fuel to spray or run out.
With the questions that you seem to be asking, I think it would be in your best interest to go to Autozone or Advance and get the book there called:
Diesel Engine Repair Manual, it's a Haynes and would be very good for you to have as a beginner with these engines, it would really help answer a lot of your questions and have pictures to go with it. The book covers the early Chevy and Ford Diesels, even the 7.3l PowerStroke somewhat.