Sean, a couple of thoughts for you....
First... You just did a full rebuild. Why put coolant in it yet? You can run it a minute or so with no coolant no problem. I'd have at least made sure the oil presure came up before filling it. I also wouldn't waste any coolant in it, until I made sure it ran fine with just water. Being able to flush the water out after testing would clean it out and confirm that you have no oil in it.
Second... Do some oil flow tests. My concern is that you have assembly lube plugging something, or oil is not going anywhere, hence the reason it is blowing out the filter gasket.
Disable the IP, and just crank the engine with the turbo oil feed line disconnected. Make sure your getting oil up to the top of the engine.
What if any oil presure readings are you seeing in the brief moments that it ran?