If the truck is cold, take off the radiator cap, pop the hood and watch the filler neck as you start it. Does it spray coolant out?
Even if your cap was bad and not holding pressure it shouldn't shoot into the reservoir, it hasn't had a chance to heat up yet. So all that other stuff like the water pump/thermostat hasn't come into play yet.
Also the rock hard hose quick is a bad sign, that should be firm to the touch after you come back from a warmed up drive, not right away.
So it would seem to me the obvious answer is the motor is pushing pressure into the coolant system and you have a big problem