If its none of the mentioned issues, you must have lost compression somehow. The best way to check mechanical issues is a compression test or a leak down test
Are you getting any smoke when you crank it over? If yes check glowplugs and starter for proper operation (make sure the starter is spinning fast enough). If no you are likely not getting enough fuel through the ip to fire the injectors. These engines still need fuel to be injected to attempt to...
Be careful with that injector pop tester. I bought that one before and every time I used it, it sent junk into the injector and hung it open, it took a while with talking to Justin at r&d to figure out why all these injectors were failing immediately.
I just looked at your original post again, if the fuel transfer was bad enough to cause excessive smoke, you wouldn't have good power or easy starting. I would strongly recommend either finding someone who can time it or advance it little by little and see if it improves.
I've been having good luck so far with good glowplugs, a strong starter, and 5w-40 oil. However the coldest i started it in was around 20*f so far. The block heater does make it easier to start but only of you are near an outlet which isn't always the case thats why I prefer to rely on the truck...
I'd at minimum make sure the hose going into the overflow is covered that way you know that the radiator isn't pulling air when it is cooling down. I agree with snickles about the best way to fill it would be to get the engine to operating temperature then fill it to the hot full mark.
White/grey diesel smoke makes me think its either bad timing (which can be very difficult to time by ear) or not enough fuel to properly atomize and ignite the fuel.
This is the pyrometer I like to use (although I have the 2000 degree version)
https://www.ebay.com/itm/193754662449the nice thing about this style, it has a programmable output that can run an auditable alarm to tell you that it is too hot
Make sure you do not drive the truck until you can get the oil changed. The emulsified oil has very poor lubrication and will damage the engine if it continues to run with it
When I rebuilt my engine I went 20 over. It should be fine so long as there isn't cavitation already boring into the cylinder too far and as long as you keep up with coolant service.
The way I like to fill coolant systems is with this:
https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01BW39HJS/ref=cm_sw_r_cp_apa_fabc_KbwWFbMEGTYMQ
It pulls all the air out of the engine and uses the vacuum to pull coolant into the engine making it much easier to get all the air out
If the engine is hot enough to engage the fan, it should only spin 1/2 to 1 revolution before stopping however if its not warm enough it would spin relatively freely
It is a water/air intercooler. its very convenient because it is more compact than air/air and I am able to keep my ac factory while still having a decent sized intercooler.
This is the intercooler I used
https://www.ebay.com/itm/154003291196
And this is the heat exchanger...
One thing I did learn, when it gets cold out, a 200amp breaker is not enough for the glowplugs. I ordered a 300amp one and hopefully it will be enough.
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