Ok, so tonight I did the following:
- took off the fuel filter and found that it was full and looked clean (it's pretty much brand new)
- sprayed a tiny squirt of starting fluid in the intake while cranking. No reaction at all. Not even a sputter.
- took off the fuel pump supply line and put my finger over the hole while the engine was cranking. Felt some suction, so that confirms that the fuel pump is working I guess.
- while the hose was off, I received a good shower of diesel fuel, which I guess confirms that there actually is fuel in the tank.
So, I'm now a bit confused. I'm wondering if the fuel gauge that I put on the schrader valve is not working, or maybe I didn't get it on far enough to get it to trigger?
Also, when the engine was cranking, I noticed a bit of "steam" wafting out of the intake hole. Perhaps moisture in there? Which brings me to my new theory. When the previous owner first showed me the truck, it was sitting outside with the air cleaner off, and nothing over the intake hole. So, when it rained, water could have been dripping off of the cowl right into the intake. Is there any way to check for the presence of water in the intake? Any way to get it out of there, other that just wait for it to evaporate? Here's a picture looking into the intake manifold.