I believe that it's mostly the different gear ratios that literally tear the drivetrain apart. One set of tires is turning faster than the other set. They will fight each other until one wins.
IDIBronco is correct. The same thing would happen if you where doing 30mph with a 3.55 from end and a 4.10 rear end and slammed it into 4wd. Something has to give because the drive shafts would want to spin at a specific rate together, now the front drive shaft wants to turn at a different rate that than the rear. Since the tires on either axle do not want to slip/peel out that much. The transfer case, a driveshaft, a pinion, a couple axles, or something has to break or the truck stops.(Or both!)
If you were stopped, put it in 4wd, took off you would stall the truck or notice it was locking up. Likely not breaking anything because your at zero mph and applying a low amount of torque at say 1,000rpm.
It sounds like the GV might have automatically went on (I believe I read you can problem to come on at a specific speed.) or the driver out of habit flipped the switch on.